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Sampling terminology

 

Explanations > Social ResearchSampling > Sampling terminology

 

Sampling has its own set of terms it uses. Here is a brief description of these.

Population

A population is the total group of people about who you are researching and about which you want to draw conclusions.

It is common for variables in the population being denoted by Greek letters and for those in the sample to be shown by Latin letters. For example standard deviation of the population is often shown with s (sigma), whilst of a sample is 's'. Sometimes as an alternative, capital letters are used for the population.

Sample frame

The list of people from whom you draw your sample, such as a phone book or 'people shopping in town today', may well be less than the entire population and is called a sample frame. This must be representative of the population otherwise bias will be introduced.

Sample frames are usually much larger than the sample. They are used because of convenience and the difficulty of accessing people outside this frame (for example those without a telephone).

 

Population

 

Sample frame

 

Available units

 

Sample

 

 

 

 

Sample

When the population is large or generally inaccessible (such as the population of Birmingham) then the approach used is to measure a subset or sample.

Unit

A unit is the thing being studied. Usually in social research this is people. There may also be additional selection criteria used to choose the units to study, such as 'people who have been police officers for at least five years.'

Sample size

In order to be representative of the population, the sample must be large enough. There are calculations to help you determine this. The required sample size depends on the homogeneity of the population, as well as its total size.

Generalizing

After sampling you then generalize in order to make conclusions about the rest of the population.

Validity

Validity is about truth and accuracy. A valid sample is representative of the population and will allow you to generalize to valid conclusions. This aligns with external validity.

A valid sample is both big enough and is selected without bias so it is representative of the population.

Bias

Bias, a distortion of results, is the bugbear of all research and it can be introduced by taking a sample that does not truly represent the population and hence is not valid.

Assignment

Having drawn the sample, these may be assigned to different groups.

A common grouping is an experimental group which receive the treatment under study and a control group that gives a standard against which experimental results can be compared. To sustain internal validity, this is usually random assignment. Non-random assignment is sometimes ok, for example where two school classes are selected as coherent groups and one chosen as the control.

Sampling fraction

When there a sample of n people are selected from a population of N, then the sampling fraction is calculated as n/N. This may be expressed as a number (eg. 0.10) or a percentage (eg. 10%).

Sampling distribution

If the sample is described as a histogram (a bar chart showing numbers in different measurement ranges) it will have a particular shape. Multiple samples should have similar shapes, although random variation means each may be slightly different. The larger the sample size, the more similar sample distributions will be.

Sampling error

This is the standard error for the sample distribution and measures the variation across different samples. It is based on the standard deviation of the sample and the gap between this and the standard deviation of the population. Larger sample sizes will lead to a smaller sampling error.

An estimate calculation for a single sample is:

sm = sx / sqrt(N)

Where:
sx is the standard deviation of the sample
N is the sample size

Systematic error

A systematic error is one caused by human error during the design or implementation of the experiment.

Strata

Strata (singular: stratum) are sub-groups within a population or sample frame. These can be random groups, but often are natural groupings, such as men and women or age-range groups. Stratification helps reduce error. See stratified random sampling for usage.

Oversampling

Oversampling occurs when you study the same person twice. For example if you selected people by their telephone number and someone had two phone numbers, then you could end up calling them twice. This can cause bias.

 

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Site Menu

| Home | Top | Quick Links | Settings |

Main sections: | Disciplines | Techniques | Principles | Explanations | Theories |

Other sections: | Blog! | Quotes | Guest articles | Analysis | Books | Help |

More pages: | Contact | Caveat | About | Students | Webmasters | Awards | Guestbook | Feedback | Sitemap | Changes |

Settings: | Computer layout | Mobile layout | Small font | Medium font | Large font | Translate |

 

 

Please help and share:

 

Quick links

Disciplines

* Argument
* Brand management
* Change Management
* Coaching
* Communication
* Counseling
* Game Design
* Human Resources
* Job-finding
* Leadership
* Marketing
* Politics
* Propaganda
* Rhetoric
* Negotiation
* Psychoanalysis
* Sales
* Sociology
* Storytelling
* Teaching
* Warfare
* Workplace design

Techniques

* Assertiveness
* Body language
* Change techniques
* Closing techniques
* Conversation
* Confidence tricks
* Conversion
* Creative techniques
* General techniques
* Happiness
* Hypnotism
* Interrogation
* Language
* Listening
* Negotiation tactics
* Objection handling
* Propaganda
* Problem-solving
* Public speaking
* Questioning
* Using repetition
* Resisting persuasion
* Self-development
* Sequential requests
* Storytelling
* Stress Management
* Tipping
* Using humor
* Willpower

Principles

+ Principles

Explanations

* Behaviors
* Beliefs
* Brain stuff
* Conditioning
* Coping Mechanisms
* Critical Theory
* Culture
* Decisions
* Emotions
* Evolution
* Gender
* Games
* Groups
* Habit
* Identity
* Learning
* Meaning
* Memory
* Motivation
* Models
* Needs
* Personality
* Power
* Preferences
* Research
* Relationships
* SIFT Model
* Social Research
* Stress
* Trust
* Values

Theories

* Alphabetic list
* Theory types

And

About
Guest Articles
Blog!
Books
Changes
Contact
Guestbook
Quotes
Students
Webmasters

 

| Home | Top | Menu | Quick Links |

© Changing Works 2002-
Massive Content — Maximum Speed