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16PF factors
Explanations > Preferences > 16PF
The 16 Primary Factors | The 5 Global Factors | So what?
16PF stands for the 16 Personality Factors or 'source traits' that were identified by Raymond Cattell in the 1930s as being the main set of factors whereby a person can be classified. There are 16 Primary Factors, which have also been grouped into five global factors.
Unlike some other systems, the focus of the 16PF is to identify characteristics without immediate concern for how they are applied.
The 16 Primary Factors
These are Cattells' original personality factors.
|
Primary Factor |
Ref |
Low |
High |
Warmth |
A | Reserved, impersonal, distant, cool, reserved, impersonal, detached, formal, aloof | Warm, outgoing, attentive to others, kindly, easygoing, participating, likes people |
Reasoning |
B | Concrete-thinking, lower general mental capacity, less intelligent, unable to handle abstract problems | Abstract-thinking, more intelligent, bright, higher general mental capacity, fast learner |
Emotional Stability |
C | Reactive, emotionally changeable, affected by feelings, emotionally less stable, easily upset | Emotionally stable, adaptive, mature, faces reality, calm |
Dominance |
E | Deferential, cooperative, avoids conflict, submissive, humble, obedient, easily led, docile, accommodating | Dominant, forceful, assertive, aggressive, competitive, stubborn, bossy |
Liveliness |
F | Serious, restrained, prudent, taciturn, introspective, silent | Lively, animated, spontaneous, enthusiastic, happy-go-lucky, cheerful, expressive, impulsive |
Rule-Consciousness |
G | Expedient, nonconforming, disregards rules, self-indulgent | Rule-conscious, dutiful, conscientious, conforming, moralistic, staid, rule-bound |
Social Boldness |
H | Shy, threat-sensitive, timid, hesitant, intimidated | Socially bold, venturesome, thick-skinned, uninhibited, can take stress |
Sensitivity |
I | Utilitarian, objective, unsentimental, tough-minded, self-reliant, no-nonsense, rough | Sensitive, aesthetic, sentimental, tender-minded, intuitive, refined |
Vigilance |
L | Trusting, unsuspecting, accepting, unconditional, easy | Vigilant, suspicious, skeptical, wary, distrustful, oppositional |
Abstractedness |
M | Grounded, practical, prosaic, solution-oriented, steady, conventional | Abstracted, imaginative, absent-minded, impractical, absorbed in ideas |
Privateness |
N | Forthright, genuine, artless, open, guileless, naive, unpretentious, involved | Private, discreet, non-disclosing, shrewd, polished, worldly, astute, astute, diplomatic |
Apprehension |
O | Self-assured, unworried, complacent, secure, free of guilt, confident, self-satisfied | Apprehensive, self-doubting, worried, guilt-prone, insecure, worrying, self-blaming |
Openness to Change |
Q1 | Traditional, attached to familiar, conservative, respecting traditional ideas | Open to change, experimenting, liberal, analytical, critical, free-thinking, flexibility |
Self-Reliance |
Q2 | Group-oriented, affiliative, a joiner and follower, dependent | Self-reliant, solitary, resourceful, individualistic, self-sufficient |
Perfectionism |
Q3 | Tolerates disorder, unexacting, flexible, undisciplined, lax, self-conflict, impulsive, careless of social rules, uncontrolled | Perfectionist, organized, compulsive, self-disciplined, socially precise, exacting will power, control, self-sentimental |
Tension |
Q4 | Relaxed, placid, tranquil, torpid, patient, composed, low drive | Tense, high energy, impatient, driven, frustrated, over-wrought, has high drive, time-driven |
The Five Global Factors (16PF5)
This is a simplification from the above 16 factors, which are sometimes also called the 16PF5. Note that these are very closely related to the 'big five'. These are not a simple grouping of the 16PF - some of the sixteen appear in more than one of the five.
|
Global Factors |
Low |
High |
Extraversion |
Introverted, socially inhibited | Extraverted, social participant |
Anxiety |
Low anxiety, relaxed, imperturbable, well-adjusted | High anxiety, tense, perturbable, histrionic |
Tough-Mindedness / Willpower |
Receptive, open-minded, intuitive, emotionality, feeling | Tough-minded, resolute, non-empathetic, determined |
Independence |
Accommodating, agreeable, selfless, subdued | Independence, persuasive, wilful |
Self-Control |
Unrestrained, impulsive, uncontrolled | Self-controlled, inhibitory of impulses |
So what?
Assess people either roughly using the above table as a guide or more fully using the standard questionnaire. The general principle is that these factors are pretty fixed, so you can then project them onto other situations.
See also
Conn, S. R., Rieke, M. L. (1994). The 16PF Fifth Edition Technical Manual. Champagne, Illinois: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Inc.
Cattell, R. B. (1957). Personality and motivation: Structure and measurement. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World
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