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Basic emotions
Explanations
> Emotions > Basic
emotions
List of emotions | So
what
List of emotions
What are the basic emotions? As ever, theorists disagree. Ortony and Turner (1990) collated a wide range
of research on identification of basic emotions.
| Theorist |
Basic Emotions |
| Plutchik |
Acceptance, anger, anticipation, disgust, joy, fear, sadness, surprise
|
| Arnold |
Anger, aversion, courage, dejection, desire, despair, fear, hate,
hope, love, sadness |
| Ekman, Friesen, and Ellsworth |
Anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise |
| Frijda |
Desire, happiness, interest, surprise, wonder, sorrow |
| Gray |
Rage and terror, anxiety, joy |
| Izard |
Anger, contempt, disgust, distress, fear, guilt, interest, joy, shame,
surprise |
| James |
Fear, grief, love, rage |
| McDougall |
Anger, disgust, elation, fear, subjection, tender-emotion, wonder |
| Mowrer |
Pain, pleasure |
| Oatley and Johnson-Laird |
Anger, disgust, anxiety, happiness, sadness |
| Panksepp |
Expectancy, fear, rage, panic |
| Tomkins |
Anger, interest, contempt, disgust, distress, fear, joy, shame,
surprise |
| Watson |
Fear, love, rage |
| Weiner and Graham |
Happiness, sadness |
Here is a deeper list of emotions as described in Parrot (2001), where emotions
were categorised into a short tree structure.
|
Primary emotion |
Secondary emotion |
Tertiary emotions |
| Love |
Affection |
Adoration, affection, love,
fondness, liking, attraction, caring, tenderness, compassion,
sentimentality |
| Lust |
Arousal, desire, lust,
passion, infatuation |
| Longing |
Longing |
| Joy |
Cheerfulness |
Amusement, bliss,
cheerfulness, gaiety, glee, jolliness, joviality, joy, delight, enjoyment,
gladness, happiness, jubilation, elation, satisfaction, ecstasy, euphoria |
| Zest |
Enthusiasm, zeal, zest,
excitement, thrill, exhilaration |
| Contentment |
Contentment, pleasure |
| Pride |
Pride, triumph |
| Optimism |
Eagerness, hope, optimism |
| Enthrallment |
Enthrallment, rapture |
| Relief |
Relief |
| Surprise |
Surprise |
Amazement, surprise,
astonishment |
| Anger |
Irritation |
Aggravation, irritation,
agitation, annoyance, grouchiness, grumpiness |
| Exasperation |
Exasperation, frustration |
| Rage |
Anger, rage, outrage, fury,
wrath, hostility, ferocity, bitterness, hate, loathing, scorn, spite,
vengefulness, dislike, resentment |
| Disgust |
Disgust, revulsion, contempt |
| Envy |
Envy, jealousy |
| Torment |
Torment |
| Sadness |
Suffering |
Agony, suffering, hurt,
anguish |
| Sadness |
Depression, despair,
hopelessness, gloom, glumness, sadness, unhappiness, grief, sorrow, woe,
misery, melancholy |
| Disappointment |
Dismay, disappointment,
displeasure |
| Shame |
Guilt, shame, regret,
remorse |
| Neglect |
Alienation, isolation,
neglect, loneliness, rejection, homesickness, defeat, dejection,
insecurity, embarrassment, humiliation, insult |
| Sympathy |
Pity, sympathy |
| Fear |
Horror |
Alarm, shock, fear, fright,
horror, terror, panic, hysteria, mortification |
| Nervousness |
Anxiety, nervousness,
tenseness, uneasiness, apprehension, worry, distress, dread |
So What
Learn to recognise emotions at increasing levels of detail. If you can see
the emotion, then you can respond appropriately to it.
See also
Plutchik's Ten
Postulates
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ellsworth, P. (1982). What emotion categories or
dimensions can observers judge from facial behavior? In P. Ekman (Ed.),
Emotion in the human face (pp. 39-55). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gray, J. A. (1985). The whole and its parts: Behaviour, the brain, cognition
and emotion. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society. 38, 99-112.
Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press
James, W. (1884). What is an emotion? Mind, 9, 188-205.
McDougall, W. (1926). An introduction to social psychology. Boston:
Luce.
Mowrer, O. H. (1960). Learning theory and behavior. New York: Wiley.
Oatley, K., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1987). Towards a cognitive theory of
emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 1, 29-50.
Ortony, A., & Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions?
Psychological Review, 97, 315-331.
Panksepp, J. (1982). Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions.
The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5, 407-467.
Parrott, W. (2001), Emotions in Social Psychology, Psychology Press,
Philadelphia
Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R.
Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience: Vol.
1. Theories of emotion (pp. 3-33). New York: Academic.
Tomkins, S. S. (1984). Affect theory. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.),
Approaches to emotion (pp. 163-195). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Watson, J. B. (1930). Behaviorism. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Weiner, B., & Graham, S. (1984). An attributional approach to emotional
development. In C. E. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. B. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions,
cognition, and behavior (pp. 167-191). New York: Cambridge University Press.
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