changingminds.org

How we change what others think, feel, believe and do

| Menu | Quick | Books | Share | Search | Settings |

Norepinephrine

 

Explanations > Brains > Brain Chemistry > Neurotransmitters > Norepinephrine

Composition | Function | Dysfunction | See also

 

Norepinephrine (NE), or noradrenaline, is found in the central and autonomic nervous systems. Its adjective is noradrenergic.

Composition

Chemically, Norepinephrine created within Dopamine-filled vesicules, by the action of dopamine beta-hydroxylase. This is different to other neurotransmitters which are created in the terminal button cytoplasm.

Norepinephrine affects many areas of the brain, though the location of the noragenergic cell bodies is limited largely to the medulla and the pons, in particular the locus coeruleus.

Norepinephrine receptors are usually called adrenergic because they are also sensitive to epinephrine.

Monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A) destroys excess norepinephrine in the terminal button.

Function

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are both strongly related to the fight-or-flight reaction, increasing heart rate, triggering the release of glucose, and increasing blood flow to skeletal muscles.

Adrenergic receptors lead to both excitation and inhibition, though noradrenergic effects are generally exitatory. Alpha-2 receptors are connected with appetite and sexual activity.

General stress activates the locus coeruleus, from which noradrenergic neurons project to many areas around the brain. A key result of this activation is increased attentiveness to the outside world.

Norepinephrine is also released in the sympathetic nervous system, causing the fight-or-flight response around the body.

Norepinephrine is also a hormone which is released into the bloodstream by adrenal medulla. As a drug, it increases blood pressure.

Dysfunction

Norapinephrine and dopamine are both significant in attention.

Drugs

The antagonist fusaric acid inhibits the action of dopamine beta-hydroxylase and hence prevents the creation of conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine.

Mocolobemide blocks MAO-A and hence is a norepinephrine agonist.

Methylphenidate (Ritalin) acts to stimulate production of norapinephrine and dopamine.

Idazoxoan is an agonist, blocking presynaptic noragenergic alpha-2 receptors and thus preventing reuptake.

See also

Stress

Site Menu

| Home | Top | Quick Links | Settings |

Main sections: | Disciplines | Techniques | Principles | Explanations | Theories |

Other sections: | Blog! | Quotes | Guest articles | Analysis | Books | Help |

More pages: | Contact | Caveat | About | Students | Webmasters | Awards | Guestbook | Feedback | Sitemap | Changes |

Settings: | Computer layout | Mobile layout | Small font | Medium font | Large font | Translate |

 

You can buy books here

More Kindle books:

And the big
paperback book


Look inside

 

Please help and share:

 

Quick links

Disciplines

* Argument
* Brand management
* Change Management
* Coaching
* Communication
* Counseling
* Game Design
* Human Resources
* Job-finding
* Leadership
* Marketing
* Politics
* Propaganda
* Rhetoric
* Negotiation
* Psychoanalysis
* Sales
* Sociology
* Storytelling
* Teaching
* Warfare
* Workplace design

Techniques

* Assertiveness
* Body language
* Change techniques
* Closing techniques
* Conversation
* Confidence tricks
* Conversion
* Creative techniques
* General techniques
* Happiness
* Hypnotism
* Interrogation
* Language
* Listening
* Negotiation tactics
* Objection handling
* Propaganda
* Problem-solving
* Public speaking
* Questioning
* Using repetition
* Resisting persuasion
* Self-development
* Sequential requests
* Storytelling
* Stress Management
* Tipping
* Using humor
* Willpower

Principles

* Principles

Explanations

* Behaviors
* Beliefs
* Brain stuff
* Conditioning
* Coping Mechanisms
* Critical Theory
* Culture
* Decisions
* Emotions
* Evolution
* Gender
* Games
* Groups
* Habit
* Identity
* Learning
* Meaning
* Memory
* Motivation
* Models
* Needs
* Personality
* Power
* Preferences
* Research
* Relationships
* SIFT Model
* Social Research
* Stress
* Trust
* Values

Theories

* Alphabetic list
* Theory types

And

About
Guest Articles
Blog!
Books
Changes
Contact
Guestbook
Quotes
Students
Webmasters

 

| Home | Top | Menu | Quick Links |

© Changing Works 2002-
Massive Content — Maximum Speed

Site Menu

| Home | Top | Quick Links | Settings |

Main sections: | Disciplines | Techniques | Principles | Explanations | Theories |

Other sections: | Blog! | Quotes | Guest articles | Analysis | Books | Help |

More pages: | Contact | Caveat | About | Students | Webmasters | Awards | Guestbook | Feedback | Sitemap | Changes |

Settings: | Computer layout | Mobile layout | Small font | Medium font | Large font | Translate |

 

 

Please help and share:

 

Quick links

Disciplines

* Argument
* Brand management
* Change Management
* Coaching
* Communication
* Counseling
* Game Design
* Human Resources
* Job-finding
* Leadership
* Marketing
* Politics
* Propaganda
* Rhetoric
* Negotiation
* Psychoanalysis
* Sales
* Sociology
* Storytelling
* Teaching
* Warfare
* Workplace design

Techniques

* Assertiveness
* Body language
* Change techniques
* Closing techniques
* Conversation
* Confidence tricks
* Conversion
* Creative techniques
* General techniques
* Happiness
* Hypnotism
* Interrogation
* Language
* Listening
* Negotiation tactics
* Objection handling
* Propaganda
* Problem-solving
* Public speaking
* Questioning
* Using repetition
* Resisting persuasion
* Self-development
* Sequential requests
* Storytelling
* Stress Management
* Tipping
* Using humor
* Willpower

Principles

+ Principles

Explanations

* Behaviors
* Beliefs
* Brain stuff
* Conditioning
* Coping Mechanisms
* Critical Theory
* Culture
* Decisions
* Emotions
* Evolution
* Gender
* Games
* Groups
* Habit
* Identity
* Learning
* Meaning
* Memory
* Motivation
* Models
* Needs
* Personality
* Power
* Preferences
* Research
* Relationships
* SIFT Model
* Social Research
* Stress
* Trust
* Values

Theories

* Alphabetic list
* Theory types

And

About
Guest Articles
Blog!
Books
Changes
Contact
Guestbook
Quotes
Students
Webmasters

 

| Home | Top | Menu | Quick Links |

© Changing Works 2002-
Massive Content — Maximum Speed